What driving force led to urbanization in the late 19th to early 20th centuries?

The driving force that led to urbanization in the late 19th to early 20th centuries was primarily technological advancements. During this period, rapid industrialization transformed economies and societies, leading to the development of factories, which created a demand for labor. These factories were often located in urban areas, attracting individuals from rural regions seeking employment opportunities.

Innovations in transportation, such as railroads and streetcars, facilitated the movement of people and goods, making it easier for populations to gather in cities. Additionally, improvements in communication technology connected urban centers with other regions and enhanced economic activities. The overall effect of these technological changes resulted in significant population shifts from rural to urban areas as people sought the benefits of industrial jobs and better living conditions found in cities.

Increased agricultural productivity played a role in changing demographic patterns, as fewer laborers were needed on farms due to advances in farming techniques and machinery; however, it was the industrial growth driven by technological innovations that propelled the mass migration to urban settings. Similarly, while the decline of rural life and various philosophical movements influenced societal changes during this period, they were not the primary forces driving urbanization compared to the impact of technology.