What lines measure distance north and south from the equator?

The correct choice is latitude, as it specifically refers to the lines that measure distances north and south of the equator. Latitude lines, which run parallel to the equator, provide a system for specifying locations on the Earth's surface. Each line of latitude is measured in degrees, ranging from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles.

Understanding the role of latitude is essential in geography and navigation, as it allows us to pinpoint locations in relation to the equator, which serves as the baseline reference point. This system of measurement is fundamental for maps and global positioning systems.

In contrast, longitude lines, which run from the North Pole to the South Pole, measure distances east and west of the Prime Meridian and do not pertain to north-south measurements. Altitude refers to the height above sea level and is not relevant in the context of measuring distance from the equator. The equator itself is the fundamental reference line at 0° latitude, but it does not represent a type of measurement – rather, it is just a line of latitude.